スポーツ虐待防止のための指導者の依存性への介入の方略（21K03109)

First, Cocooned. In this category, athletes are insulated in their cocoon of sports. Important decisions in the athletes’ lives are made by parents or surrogates. In some circumstances, the athletes tend to choose from a limited range of choices that are prepared by the parents or surrogates. They have rarely examined choices closely and experienced personality clashes with other people including parents or surrogates. That is why they tend not to understand their feelings and project their negative feelings which cannot be handled by displaying symptoms of sickness and by injuries.

Athletes, parents and surrogates feel happy and enjoy a convenient life in the incubator of sports. Athletes in this category have not tackled their developmental tasks since their childhood in their relationships with people including parents and surrogates.

Second, Dominated. Athletes, parents and surrogates are under the relationships of control and obedience, and sports are considered as the exchange for livelihood. In other words, athletes appear as servants to parents and surrogates who behave as masters. Parents and surrogates are also psychologically immature and depend heavily on controlling athletes. On the other hand, athletes tend to behave positively, hiding their real feelings such as helplessness, aggression, and fear from their parents or surrogates.

※Some sub-codes of the category "Domination" have been corrected for posting on this website.

Third, Invaded. Athletes often feel annoyed about excessive interference from parents or surrogates.

Once athletes get away from the interference, they feel frightened, and then try to find safe environment, otherwise they go back to the protection of parents or surrogates. It is a vicious circle of evasion and dependence. As a result, they are dependent on parents or surrogates permanently. Sports become a defense against interference by parents or surrogates. Athletes tend to be agitated because of unexpected situations. Somatic symptoms and problematic behavior appear because they cannot handle the situations with rules and orders by parents and surrogates. Athletes have rarely tried to tackle their developmental tasks since their childhood without obtaining efficacy.

Finally, Emotionally Unguided. Sports seem like a fence between athletes and parents or surrogates that separate and also connect them. In other words, they cannot connect without sports. Parents and surrogates depend on sports, or situations in which athletes participate in sports, by giving a lot of financial support, or training. Parents and surrogates have never guided athletes emotionally. Athletes have no other way to connect with parents and surrogates outside of sports.

Athletes show somatic problems and other illnesses because of a lack of attention from parents or surrogates since their infancy.